China has become one of the 5G "first echelon" mobile phones, which will be available in the first half of next year.

  At the 2018 Mobile World Congress (MWC) in Barcelona, Spain, 5G has become one of the hottest keywords. Compared with the concept, framework and possibility of 5G discussed more in the past, a number of important breakthrough China 5G products were unveiled in this year’s conference, and some mature technologies and application scenarios were also displayed in the exhibition, which started the countdown to welcome the arrival of the 5G era.

  dynamic

  Huawei released the first 5G commercial chip and terminal.

  As one of the largest annual exhibitions in the global communication field, there are many voices and highlights from China enterprises at this World Mobile Communications Conference. During the exhibition, Huawei released the first 5G commercial chip and terminal based on 3GPP standard, and ZTE and other companies also demonstrated their respective scientific and technological strength. According to the analysis, these new products mean that China enterprises are taking the lead in the field of 5G.

  It is reported that Huawei’s 5G chip released this time — — Balong G5 G01 is the first 5G network product supported by the 3GPP standard. At the same time, Huawei also released Huawei 5G CPE, the first 3GPP standard 5G commercial terminal based on this chip. According to reports, the product is divided into two types: low-frequency (sub-6 GHz) CPE and high-frequency (mmWave)CPE. Among them, 5G low-frequency CPE can download an episode of online drama in less than 1 second, which can support various high-definition video and entertainment applications such as VR high-definition online video and VR online games based on 5G networks in the future, and is compatible with 4G and 5G networks. The release of Huawei’s first 3GPP standard 5G commercial chip and terminal is considered by the industry as one of the breakthroughs in 5G products, and it also marks the gradual opening of the 5G era at the industrial level.

  During this conference, ZTE also highlighted the end-to-end solutions for commercial technologies, networks and industrial applications of 5G, including a new generation of 5G full range of base station products. According to reports, the new generation of 5G high and low frequency AAU released by ZTE supports the new air interface of 3GPP5G NR, supports the mainstream frequency band of 5G in the industry, and adopts a number of key technologies of 5G, which can meet the diverse scenarios and needs of 5G commercial deployment, and has been applied in domestic 5G testing and 5G testing of operators in many countries and regions.

  "China has become the most dazzling star on the 5G stage" and "the world looks at 5G, and 5G looks at China". Relevant professional analysis points out that China’s communication technology has gone through the following in the 2G era, the participation in the 3G era, and the breakthrough in the 4G era. In the 5G era, China has successfully entered the first echelon.

  pay close attention

  5G smartphones will be available in the first half of next year.

  In the terminal exhibition area of this conference, a conceptual mobile phone with ultra-high speed of 1.2Gbps also attracted a lot of attention. It is understood that this smart phone product, which is praised as "quasi-5G" or "pre-5G" by the industry, takes less than two seconds to download a high-definition movie.

  It is worth mentioning that during the current Mobile World Congress, China Mobile announced that it would jointly launch the "5G Terminal Pioneer Program" with 20 terminal industry partners around the world. The plan aims to launch the first batch of 5G terminals as soon as possible in the early stage of the industry, promote multi-party cooperation and jointly establish a mature 5G terminal industry ecology.

  According to reports, the plan has been widely responded and actively supported by the terminal industry, including 6 mainstream chip companies such as Qualcomm, Huawei, MediaTek, Ziguang Zhanrui, Intel and Samsung, and 10 mainstream terminal companies such as Huawei, OPPO, vivo, Xiaomi and Samsung.

  China Mobile expects that all parties will make concerted efforts to launch the first batch of 5G chips that meet the needs of operators before the end of 2018, and release the first batch of 5G pre-commercial terminals, including data terminals and smart phones, in the first half of 2019. The analysis believes that this also means that many brands of 5G mobile phones are expected to be available in the first half of next year.

  prospect

  There are still about two years before the real outbreak of 5 G.

  According to the plan of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the three major domestic operators are expected to realize the scale commercialization of the fifth generation communication technology in 2020. According to the data, since 2013, China has taken the lead in launching the 5G test and R&D process. At present, China’s 5G commercialization process has been promoted in an orderly manner, and technology research and development testing has officially entered the third stage this year. The 5G field tests of the three major operators have been started one after another, and the pilot construction has been stepped up.

  At the same time, a number of recent developments that have emerged since the second half of last year show that 5G promotion is accelerating. Industry analysts believe that although there are still about two years before the real outbreak of 5G on the commercial timetable, the wrestling of the 5G industrial chain has been fully rolled out. The analysis also pointed out that with the commercialization process of 5G network, it will drive the development of applications such as car networking, Internet of Things, drones and cloud computing, which means that 5G will not only become a new round of development opportunities for the global communication industry, but also create opportunities for the rise of various emerging information technologies.

  The 5G economic report released by IHS, a market research organization, predicts that by 2035, 5G will create 12.3 trillion US dollars in global economic output and create 22 million jobs. Among them, China will have 9.5 million jobs, ranking first in the world, far exceeding the United States (3.4 million).

  The White Paper on the Economic and Social Impact of 5G issued by relevant institutions in China also pointed out that 5G, as a general-purpose technology, will open up a new era of mobile communication development, accelerate the process of economic and social digital transformation, and push the development of China’s digital economy to a new level. The white paper predicts that the direct output and indirect output driven by 5G will reach 6.3 trillion yuan and 10.6 trillion yuan respectively in 2030. In terms of direct output, according to the official commercialization of 5G in 2020, it is estimated that it will drive about 484 billion yuan of direct output in that year, and it will increase to 3.3 trillion yuan and 6.3 trillion yuan in 2025 and 2030 respectively, with a compound annual growth rate of 29% in the past ten years. In terms of indirect output, in 2020, 2025 and 2030, 5G will drive 1.2 trillion yuan, 6.3 trillion yuan and 10.6 trillion yuan respectively, with a compound annual growth rate of 24%.

  News memory

  5G can finish a 1080P movie in a few seconds.

  What is 5G? The relevant technical specifications of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) have identified eight key capability indicators for 5G. According to reports, the peak rate of 5G in the future can reach 20Gbps. Other capability indicators include user experience data rate of 100Mbps, delay of 1 millisecond, connection density of 1 million devices per square kilometer, and traffic density of 10Mbps per square meter.

  "Compared with the current mainstream 4G communication, 5G brings the most intuitive benefits to users. In addition to improving the quality of calls, that is the transmission rate." Relevant professionals pointed out that the speed of 5G network can reach the level of Gbps or even tens of Gbps, which means that a movie in 1080P format can be downloaded in a few seconds. In addition, 5G communication also has the characteristics of low power consumption and high access, and has become an important foundation for the development of the Internet of Things.

  "For enterprises, 5G will create value for many fields, such as automobile transportation, energy/utility monitoring, security, finance, medical health, industry and agriculture, especially for large-scale and key application fields that require low latency. For consumers, the highlights of 5G services will be concentrated in two aspects: ultra-high-definition video applications and AR/VR applications. " According to the relevant report of GSMA, it is estimated that by 2025, 5G networks will be commercialized in 111 countries and regions around the world. After the early deployment, the 5G network will provide enhanced mobile broadband services with high speed, low delay, reliability and security.

  However, professionals also pointed out that in order to enjoy the convenience brought by 5G communication, consumers also need a terminal that supports it. At present, mobile phones in the hands of ordinary domestic users are not yet supported. "The arrival of the 5G era is bound to set off a new round of replacement boom." The above-mentioned person said.

  This edition/reporter Ren Xiaoyuan

Six questions about snowfall forecast! What is the difficulty in judging whether it is raining or snowing?

On January 20, during the cold season, Beijing and other places ushered in the first snowfall in 2022! As the first round of large-scale rain and snow in the New Year, there are small to medium snow or sleet in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Northwest China, North China, Huanghuai and western Hubei, and there are heavy snow and local snowstorms in eastern Shaanxi, southwestern Shanxi, southern Hebei, Henan, western Shandong and southern Tibet. On the other hand, there is rainfall in many places in the south.
However, compared with rainfall forecast, snowfall forecast is much more complicated! People want to know,Also affected by a strong cold air, is it rain or snow?Can the depth of newly added snow be predicted? What is the difficulty of snowfall forecast? Therefore, China Meteorological News reporter interviewed meteorologists to find out!
01
What’s the difference between forecasting snowfall and forecasting rainfall?
First of all, it needs to be clear that rain and snow are different phases of water, so in meteorology,Snowfall forecast and rainfall forecast can be collectively called precipitation forecast.
We know that no matter whether it rains or snows, we need to meet the basic conditions for precipitation, and most of the snowfall occurs in the precipitation weather under the winter climate background.
Similarities:Meteorological factors such as large-scale circulation background, water vapor conditions and dynamic conditions that need to be paid attention to in rainfall forecasting are also important in snowfall forecasting. At this point, the forecasting methods and techniques of the two are also consistent.
Differences:Winter precipitation is often accompanied by the phase transformation process of rain and snow. Accurate phase prediction is the basis of snowfall and snow depth prediction, which are not available in rainfall prediction.
When we pull the angle of view to the vertical altitude of several kilometers, we can find that the temperature at different heights of the atmosphere is not evenly distributed, and the morphology of precipitation particles has various changes at different heights and in different temperature and humidity States.The precipitation phase will also undergo a very complicated transformation.
Schematic diagram of atmospheric temperature changing with height. Snowfall only occurs in the troposphere.
When ice crystals or snowflakes fall down in the clouds, it’s like an unknown adventure.
Only when the whole floor is cold (for example, below 0℃) will snow fall to the ground. If the temperature of the whole layer is higher than 0℃, it will turn into rain.In fact, the temperature change between layers of atmosphere is often more complicated than imagined:
Case 1: If the temperature in the upper and lower floors is lower than 0℃, but there is a shallow warm layer in the middle, and the snow in the upper floors melts in the middle warm layer and then freezes in the middle and lower cold layers, then it is ice particles.
Case 2: If the warm layer in the middle is thick, it will rain if the snowflakes in the upper layer are too late to freeze after melting in the warm layer in the middle.
Situation 3: If the ground temperature is high or the water content of snowflakes is high, sometimes snow falls, and it is difficult to form obvious snow on the ground, but it is wet.
In reality, the real vertical atmospheric temperature, influenced by the atmospheric circulation system and complex dynamic environmental conditions, is not so simple stratification, and the surface temperature near the ground is different, which makesWhen and in what form will the "naughty child" of precipitation enter the public’s sight? Need a complex comprehensive judgment.
The national precipitation forecast map released by the Central Meteorological Observatory at 6 o’clock on January 20, 2022.
02
What is the difficulty in judging whether it is raining or snowing?
Rain, sleet, snow, freezing rain, ice particles, snow, snow, etc …There are many forms of precipitation in winter, and the transition between phases has a very complicated mechanism. The core is the vertical change of temperature and water vapor in the atmosphere.
Snow-covered landscape
At first glance, there are four necessary conditions for the formation of snowfall: low temperature, water vapor saturation, upward movement and condensation nuclei in the air. To integrate these four factors, it is also necessary that the ascending motion must be extended to the temperature layer conducive to the development of ice crystals, which is usually at least -10℃.
Carefully, the vertical distribution of temperature and humidity in the atmosphere is very complicated, including the height from -10℃ to 0℃, the thickness difference between related temperature layers, the temperature from the ground to the condensation height of water vapor, the height of cloud bottom, and the path, intensity and moving speed of cold air, as well as the underlying surface conditions such as topography.The key factors affecting the phase transition of precipitation are mutually restricted and have a non-fixed relationship with the formation of rain and snow phases.
In short, it is a scientific and technological problem to predict when and where it will rain or snow, which needs the support of three-dimensional meteorological comprehensive observation data, corresponding numerical forecasting model and objective forecasting method.
The hourly rain and snow situation in China reflects the evolution of precipitation.
At present, the prediction of ground precipitation phase model is mainly obtained by the vertical distribution of water content in the cloud combined with the vertical profile diagnosis of ambient temperature, and the subjective phase prediction is also mainly based on the temperature threshold at key levels. However, the actual precipitation phase is related to the complex cloud microphysical process, and the phase distribution described by the temperature profile model or threshold is still quite different from the phase characteristics in the actual cloud.
Therefore, phase prediction has always been a difficult point in winter precipitation prediction, and it is a long way to go to clearly explain the complex mechanism behind this change.
03
Is it easy to predict the depth of snow?
How high can 1 mm snowfall accumulate? This is closely related to ice crystal structure, temperature layer and humidity layer structure, vertical movement of atmosphere, surface temperature and snow moisture content.
According to statistics,The ratio of snow depth to snowfall in winter in China is about 0.75 cm/mm,It means that for every 1 mm of snowfall, about 0.75 cm of snow is formed.
However, this ratio tends to decrease obviously with the increase of temperature, and there are significant regional differences.For example, the snowfall caused by the same cold wave, due to the influence of surface temperature, wind and other conditions, the amount of snow in the south is often not as much as that in the north, and the amount of snow in cities is not as much as that in mountainous areas. thereforeSnow forecast not only needs to pay attention to the "stories" in the atmosphere, but also to the complex situation on the ground, and the difficulty of forecast is increasing.
It can be said that snow depth prediction is an international problem.
At present, global models such as EC (european centre for medium-range weather forecasts) and NCEP (National Center for Environmental Forecasting) all provide snow forecast products, but they are all instructive and have some differences with business requirements.
The staff of the observation field of Tongliao Meteorological Bureau in Inner Mongolia carried out intensive snow depth observation
In recent years, China has also carried out a lot of work in snow depth forecasting, and gradually promoted the snow depth forecasting business. However, due to the limitation of observation data in winter for a long time, forecasters have insufficient understanding of the characteristics, influencing factors and forecasting techniques of snow depth during snowfall, which makesSnow depth prediction is still a difficult problem.
04
What factors will lead to blizzard?
The formation of blizzard needs abundant water vapor, strong lifting power, cold enough temperature and suitable temperature layer structure. In addition, the above conditions need to last for a certain period of time to form a blizzard.
For example, a nationwide cold wave that started on the evening of November 20, 2021 brought snowstorms and heavy snowstorms to Northeast China.
The cold air of this cold wave comes from Siberia, and in the process of moving eastward and southward, on the one hand, it meets the warm and humid air in the southern region to form precipitation; On the other hand, warm and humid air currents from the northeast and the sea surface form extratropical cyclones. The cyclone not only continuously transports warm and humid air to the north, but also provides lifting power for the convergence of cold and warm air. As a result, cold and warm air meet in the northeast where the temperate cyclone front is located, forming a blizzard.
True color monitoring map of FY-4A meteorological satellite
05
What meteorological products can the general public refer to to predict the approaching snowfall?
Weather radar can see the information of precipitation, but compared with summer, the precipitation in winter is less in magnitude, so even if it is a blizzard (precipitation is more than 10 mm), strong radar echoes such as "tomato scrambled eggs" are rarely seen on the radar map. Therefore, to understand the snowfall process, it is best to pay attention to the latest weather information released by the meteorological department.
06
What is the current snowfall forecasting ability in China?
What other shortcomings are there?
Quantitative precipitation forecast is the most traditional and core forecast business of the Central Meteorological Observatory.At present, the Central Meteorological Observatory has produced and released a gridded quantitative precipitation forecast product with a spatial resolution of 5km, with an interval of 1 hour in the next 3 days and an interval of 3 hours in the next 10 days.
In the aspect of precipitation phase prediction, it has been upgraded from rain and snow prediction to rain, sleet, freezing rain and snow prediction. For the snowfall forecast, there are not only the snowfall forecast but also the snow depth, including the new snow depth forecast.
Today, the short board of snowfall forecast still exists.Li Zechun, an academician of China Academy of Engineering, once put forward four points around the difficult breakthrough of snowfall forecast:
First of all, improve the ability of extending short-term and medium-term forecasting and short-term climate forecasting, and improve the prediction level of cumulative effects of continuous snowfall.
Secondly, by building automatic weather stations, carrying out intensive observation and other measures, the fine degree of snowstorm forecast will be improved.
Third, strengthen the grasp and research on the mechanism of precipitation phase change.
Fourthly, make full use of microwave radiometer, temperature profiler, wind profiler, dual polarization radar and laser raindrop spectrometer to monitor and physically analyze the local atmospheric structure and changes.
The meteorological departments have already carried out research on the mechanism of occurrence and development of snowstorms in the north, and constantly encouraged meteorological departments at all levels to carry out research on snowfall forecasting techniques and methods suitable for local conditions.
up to this day
With that improvement of numerical forecast model
Improvement of forecasting technical ability
Aiming at the influence of rain and snow freezing disaster
Risk assessment and decision-making service
But also play a greater role in emergency response.
(Source: China Meteorological Bureau)
Reporting/feedback

In-depth evaluation of dating with Golf 7 1.4T Ultimate Edition

    As of September 2013, (|) Car Series has sold more than 340,000 cars in Europe, firmly occupying the top spot in European car sales. Not only is it sought after by consumers, but also by car media people. After winning the 2013 World Car Award and the 2013 European Car of the Year award, even the Japanese media, which has always protected the calf, awarded the 2013 Japanese Car Award to Golf 7.

    What is the charm that makes Golf 7 so sought after? Can the domestically produced Golf 7 maintain the same quality? How does the torsion beam suspension affect the handling and comfort of the vehicle? Today, we will find the answer through detailed experience and professional tests. Before entering the detailed evaluation, let’s take a quick look at some questions about Golf 7.

Home of the car

Where is Golf 7 new? What’s the difference with Golf 6?

1. New platform: upgrade from PQ35 platform to MQB platform (transverse engine modular platform).

    What benefits can the new platform bring? This starts with understanding the differences between the two platforms. Generally speaking, PQ35 platform is a platform that can only produce and develop compact cars (cars, SUVs, MPVs, etc.), while MQB platform can produce and develop small cars, compact cars and medium-sized cars (horizontal engine models).

Volkswagen FAW-Volkswagen Golf 2014 1.4TSI Automatic Basic Model

    Broader derivatives mean more spare parts can be shared. According to the official introduction, products from the same module platform of MQB can share the same specifications of engines, gearboxes and air conditioners, and the sharing ratio is about 60% of the whole vehicle parts, thus greatly saving the development cost of new cars.

2. New design: the game between inheritance and innovation

    For the public and golf, brand recognition and the retention of traditional elements are often paid great attention to in design. This creates a lot of difficulties for designers, not only to make it look new and beautiful enough, but also not to leave behind the necessary contents such as "public face" and "golf element".

Volkswagen FAW-Volkswagen Golf 2014 1.4TSI Automatic Basic Model

    Compared with the 6th generation, the lines of Golf 7 are tougher and sharper, and at the same time, the proportion of details of the body has been adjusted a lot. For example, lowering the car body and increasing the car width can make the golf 7 look more dynamic. Compared with the 6th generation, the interior of the vehicle has also added more sense of design. The introduction of asymmetric design and the addition of piano paint are all aimed at giving people a sense of freshness and grade.

3. new power: EA211 high-power version has excellent performance

    All the departments of Golf 7 will be equipped with EA211 engines, in which the parameters of 1.6L engine and 1.4T low-power engine are slightly improved compared with the current ones, while the EA211 high-power model we got has a maximum power of 150 HP and a peak torque of 250 Nm, which is not small improvement compared with the current 131 HP and 220 Nm.

Volkswagen FAW-Volkswagen Golf 2014 1.4TSI Automatic Flagship Type

    Our measured 0-100km/h acceleration time of Golf 7 1.4T high-power version is only 8.20 seconds, and its performance is comparable to that of (|) and (|) with 1.6T engine. Compared with the performance of the 6th generation of 9.22 seconds (measured in car home), it has improved by one second, and it is at the leading level in the same level. (Golf 6th Generation Test Link)

4. New suspension: The rear torsion beam suspension becomes a hot spot again.

    As soon as the domestic Golf 7 came out, the change of the rear suspension once again became the target of public criticism. First of all, it can be affirmed that this is indeed a practice to reduce costs, regardless of what space is saved, because the seating space of Golf 7 is exactly the same whether it is equipped with torsion beam suspension version or multi-link suspension version.

Volkswagen FAW-Volkswagen Golf 2014 1.4TSI Automatic Basic Model

    What really makes people feel uncomfortable is that the 1.4T high-powered version is not spared. You know, in Germany, this version is a genuine multi-link. Fortunately, from the actual driving experience, Golf 7 does not decline in sports, but rises. The tighter suspension has stronger toughness than the sixth generation when cornering, but the comfort is weakened a lot, especially when riding in the back row. The feeling of vibration is very obvious.

5. New configuration: electronic handbrake, automatic parking, engine start-stop and adaptive cruise set a new benchmark.

    The Golf 7 comes standard with an electronic handbrake and an AUTOHOLD automatic parking system. No matter in the configuration list or in use, there is a feeling that the competitors at the same level are superior. However, in actual use, the simultaneous starting and stopping of the engine and automatic parking will really affect some comfort, which will be discussed in the configuration part later. Let’s sell it here first.

Volkswagen FAW-Volkswagen Golf 2014 1.4TSI Automatic Basic Model

    Engine start-stop and adaptive cruise belong to the high-altitude configuration, whether it appears on high-equipped models or optional, and the manufacturer has not yet made it clear. There is nothing to say about starting and stopping, but the new version of the adaptive cruise system is eye-catching, and it basically realizes the "follow-up function". Not only can you stop with the front car when you encounter a red light, but you can also continue to follow the front car when you start again.

6. New entertainment system: MIB Standard Plus video details.

Volkswagen FAW-Volkswagen Golf 2014 1.4TSI Automatic Basic Model

    With the overall upgrade of the interior, the car entertainment system has also been replaced by the MIB Standard Plus. In fact, its sales are really average, because the screen size is only 5.8 inches, which is slightly larger than the 5.5-inch screen of Samsung Note2. Of course, the resolution is much worse. The function of the system is comprehensive, but the reaction speed is average.

What versions of Golf 7 will be available? What version is our test car?

    In terms of power, the future Golf 7 will be divided into 1.6 and 1.4T displacement, of which the 1.4T engine is divided into high-power version (110 kW) and low-power version (96 kW). Among them, the 1.6L and 1.4T low-power versions will become the main sales force, while the 1.4T high-power version may only have 1-2 models.

Comparison between new and old golf engines displacement  1.6L group 1.4T group car make and model Golf 6 Golf 7 Golf 6 Golf 7
Low power version
Golf 7
High power version
Maximum power (kW) 77 81 96 96 110 Maximum torque (n m) 155 155 220 225 250 Officially provided
0-100km/h
Acceleration time (s)
11.9 10.9 9.5 8.9 8.2 Officially provided
Hundred kilometers
Comprehensive fuel consumption (L)
6.9 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.4

    Judging from the known information given by the government, the future Golf 7 can be divided into fashion type, comfort type, luxury type and flagship type, which is similar to the layout of the current six generations. Fashion models should only be available in 1.6L models, while the configuration of the flagship model is prepared for the 1.4T high-power version. According to the experience of the 6th generation, comfort and luxury will still be the main sales force. Before the price is announced, you can make a calculation according to the configuration.

Analysis of Golf 7 Configuration Configuration vehicle type Fashion type Comfort type luxurious Flagship type Electronic handbrake ● ● ● ● Automatic parking ● ● ● ● Keyless entry – – ● ● 4 probe rear reversing radar ● ● ● –

8 probe front and rear reversing radar

OPS simulation visual reversing

– – – ● Automatic skylight – ● ● ● Xenon headlight – – ● ● Automatic headlight – – ● ● LED taillight ● ● ● ●

rearview mirror power folding

Yingbin floor lamp

– – – ● Automatic anti-glare rearview mirror – – ● ● Cruise control – ● ● ● Front and rear row central armrest – ● ● ● Fatigue reminder – ● ● ●

    Our test car is a 1.4T high-power version of the flagship, which represented the strongest strength of domestic Golf 7 before the 7th GTI went on the market. Can Golf 7 set a new benchmark? In the next evaluation, we analyze them one by one.